Loss of appetite Essays

Loss of appetite Essays Loss of appetite Essay Loss of appetite Essay The Travelling Salesman The patient is John Thomas who is a 27 twelvemonth old bi-sexual male. He was presented to his GP with the following symptoms: general unease, loss of appetency, mild abdominal hurting, and relentless aching in his upper right quarter-circle. John s symptoms have appeared for approximately 10 yearss and his piss is dark in coloring material. He drinks on occasion, nevertheless he does acknowledge to smoke hemp. As the cause of mild abdominal hurting could be from different beginnings, hence it is hard to place ( 1 ) . The loss of appetency could be due to one of the undermentioned common causes: Decrease in activity, hurting, fatigue, anxiousness, depression, some medicines and some unwellnesss. John is non on prescribed medicine and denies shooting drugs ; nevertheless his loss of appetency is caused by the abdominal hurting and upper right quarter-circle he has. Besides the hemp that he smokes causes anxiousness and could trip depression which leads into the loss of appetency. Besides the implicit in status he has is another ground for the loss of appetency of the patient ( 2 ) . The relentless aching in his upper right quarter-circle where the liver is located and the dark coloring material of his urine suggest possible liver jobs even though John merely drinks on occasion and non really frequently. To see that the job is the malfunction of the liver and to govern out the other and possibilities the GP sent a blood sample for analysis and the consequences were as follows: The trial above is known as Liver Function Test ( LFT ) . The analysis of the blood samples determine the specific enzymes present in the blood and whether they are within the standard scope. The LFT determines whether the liver has disease, but does non find the type of the disease as it is non sensitive plenty. ( 3 ) Serum entire hematoidin, ALT and ALP are some of the liver enzymes in which their degrees in John s blood watercourse are higher than expected degrees ( 3 ) . One of the occupations of the liver is to take the hematoidin enzyme from the blood watercourse. It is produced when the old ruddy blood cells are destructed followed by traveling through the procedure of junction ( the chemically alteration of the enzyme ) secreted into the gall. It is so passed through bowel. Some of the hematoidin enzyme is reabsorbed from the bowel and the remainder is excreted. The brown coloring material of the fecal matters is the consequence of the presence of the hematoidin. The unconjugated hematoidin is besides known as the entire hematoidin, which is a good marker to bespeak many liver related or unrelated liver diseases. As the coloring material of piss is darker as consequence of elevated degree of serum entire hematoidin, it is to be understood that John could be enduring from Jaundice which is caused by a serious implicit in status. ( 4 ) The more precise liver harm marker is ALT which is produced by hepatocytes which are liver cells ; hence it is a better marker for liver disease. The elevated degree of ALT in the blood watercourse indicates harm to the cell membranes of the liver i.e. liver redness. Liver redness could be the consequence of imbibing inordinate intoxicant, drug maltreatment or medicine, bile canal disease and liver disease. This is more likely due to smoking hemp. ( 5 ) ALP is another liver enzyme which is besides present in other tissues. ALT is produced in the gall canals, sinusoidal membranes of the liver and bone. The elevated degrees of ALT could be caused by a figure of liver diseases every bit good as non liver diseases i.e. Primary Bilious Cirrhosis, liver malignant neoplastic disease, Sclerosing Cholangitis, Cirrhosis and bone upsets. Therefore farther probe is required ( 6 ) . Serum carbamide, serum Na, Haemoglobin and white blood cell count were as normal which rule out the other possible diseases. The degrees of ALT, ALP, and serum entire hematoidin are high due to liver neglecting to interrupt down those enzymes and the symptoms that John has, are similar to the Viral Hepatitis ( the redness of the liver caused by drugs, intoxicant, and autoimmune ) . Several viruses responsible for hepatitis are A, B, C, D, E, and G. Hepatitis A, B and C are the most common 1s. 40-50 % of the viral hepatitis instances are caused by hepatitis A virus ( HAV ) ( Fig1. ) . The virus spread by unwritten path i.e. eating contaminated nutrient or H2O, or through fecal path and sexual contacts. The incubation period for hepatitis A is 15-20 yearss. The badness degree is mild and will non develop into chronic stage. Therefore it will non do malignant neoplastic disease ( 7 ) . Hepatitis B virus ( HBV ) causes chronic hepatitis B. This little enveloped DNA virus has three antigens: Hepatitis B nucleus antigen ( HBcAg ) , hepatitis B e-antigen ( HBeAg ) , and hepatitis B surface antigen ( HBsAg ) . HBV has the ability of stimulation of immune system which enables the virus to bring forth antibodies against virus ( Fig2 ) . HBV is transmitted by doing contacts with organic structure fluids i.e. blood, seeds, spit, and milk. The most common path of distributing the virus is via endovenous drugs occupational exposure, hemodialysis, male to male sexual transmittal and other close contact state of affairss. The incubation period of HBV is 45-160 yearss which can develop into chronic phase and cause malignant neoplastic disease. The hazard of HBV infection is 20 % -60 % in all age groups. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans on hepatocytes are targeted by HBV after come ining blood watercourse. The reproduction period is within 3 yearss of infection ; nevertheless the sy mptoms may merely look after 45 yearss. The ground why the symptoms or the liver harm do non look for a long clip is because of the reproduction of HBV with the least cytopathic effects. Cytopathic cells cause cell harm and decease ( 9 ) . Similar to HBV, hepatitis C virus ( HCV ) is besides transmitted via blood and bodily fluid. The incubation is within 14-180 yearss after infection occurs. HCV besides targets heparin sulfate proteoglycans on hepatocytes after come ining blood watercourse, and without doing cell decease it will tie in with cells to back relentless infection. Tissue harm is followed by cell mediated immune response. It takes about 6 hebdomads for symptoms to look, nevertheless compare to HBV, the HCV symptoms are milder with 2 % hazard of infection. HCV does hold a chronic phase which may develop cirrhosis of liver ( 10 ) . To hold a better apprehension of the John s unwellness, a specific liver blood serology was performed. It detects the concentration of different antibodies present in the blood watercourse against micro-organisms and other types of foreign protein molecules. This trial would besides assist to hold a better apprehension of possible liver status that John presently has. The earliest marker for acute HBV is HBsAg which identifies the septic individual before the symptoms are revealed. However in people who are retrieving from the infection this surface antigen disappears from their blood serum. Chronic HBV will happen if HBsAg remain in blood serum for longer than 6 months. This normally occurs in 5 % of acute instances with either weak immune system or infected as a kid. In some people who are infected, if HBsAg does non look which means that HBV has gone into concealment, hence becomes undetectable. The individual is known as the bearer. However in this instance John has the on-going infection and could besides distribute it to other people ( 11 ) ( 12 ) . The most common marker for HBV is anti-HBs ( hepatitis B surface antibody ) . Its sensing in blood serum indicates that the individual had already been exposed to the virus, except the virus no longer exists in the organic structure and the antibody keeps the individual immune against the virus. However in blood serology of John, this is negative which indicates that John is non immune to HBV. If he was vaccinated with HBV, his organic structure would hold produced the anti-HBs. Therefore this consequence is declarative of neer been vaccinated by HBV ( 13 ) . There are two types of chronic HBV: Replicative and nonreplicative. The viral chronic replicative DNA HBV is more terrible than septic persons with nonreplicative HBV, because the retroflexing Deoxyribonucleic acid increases the opportunity of developing cirrhosis up to 30 % after many old ages and it besides increases the hazard of Hepatocellular Carcinoma ( HCC ) . This viral DNA is found in the cytol of septic hepatocytes where the viral atoms replicated and released into blood watercourse to go around in the organic structure. As consequence the concentration of viral atom is high ( from gt ; 105copies/mL gt ; 108copies/mL ) . Since this signifier of chronic HBV consequences in hepatocyte hurt, the transaminase activity is increased. Normally 3 % -5 % of the persons infected with the retroflexing signifier of chronic HBV convert to the nonreplicating signifier in a twelvemonth. Unlike the replicating signifier, the concentration of the viral atoms in the blood is really low or undetectable due to integrating of the viral DNA into the host cell ( 14 ) ( 15 ) . The most viral protein which differentiates the types of chronic HBV is HBeAg. This e-antigen is merely detected when the viral virus is quickly distributing. When the virus goes into concealment, the e-antigen besides becomes undetectable. Traditionally the negative HBeAg and positive anti-HBe used to be declarative of nonreplicating signifier of the infection, nevertheless because John is a traveler salesman who travels abroad and corsets at different hotels this consequence could be due to a strain of HBV which do non bring forth HBeAg. These strains are most common in the Middle East. Therefore farther testing is required to look into the development of the infection utilizing HBV DNA ( 15 ) . The finding of hepatitis B mutations is normally done by direct sequencing. In persons enduring from HBV, 97 % have HBV DNA below 100,000 copies/mL which has a clinically important value bespeaking viraemia ( virus in blood ) . In a big figure of septic people who failed to clear HBV from t he organic structure despite of the antiviral intervention have over 100,000 copies/mL. Therefore 100,000 copies/mL can be considered as standard value to observe viraemia. There are persons who fail to react to intervention even after three months. This is due to unnatural suppression of HBV DNA. There are three most common mutations doing HBeAg negative chronic infection ( 14 ) . These mutations are detected by a line investigation method specifically developed for this intent. Line investigation and hybridisation checks can be used to observe the coveted mutant i.e. YMDD. The line investigation method is performed by dividing the HBV DNA mutations on SDS-PAGE. On the SDS-PAGE the highest molecular weight will be at the bottom line and the lowest will be at the top. This is transferred on a nitrocellulose paper. Furthermore specific DNA sequences ( investigations ) are applied to observe the desired mutation ( YMDD ) ( 14 ) . Anti-HBc IgM is the first type of antibody produced against acute HBV. The serological trials for John are present with negative Anti-HBc IgM which suggests that the HBV infection is non acute but chronic. The entire anti-Hbc antibody check includes the measuring of IgM and IgG and the positive consequence appear shortly after visual aspect of HBsAg and remains in 97 % septic people for over 30 old ages ( 13 ) . John besides has HAV IgM positive which is declarative of hepatitis A immune due to old exposure to the virus. The virus could hold been passed to him through male to male sexual contact ( 17 ) . The negative consequence of anti-HCV indicates that John is vulnerable to hepatitis C and HCV inoculation is required for John ( 18 ) . The liver harm is normally irreversible and there is no lasting remedy available to handle chronic HBV, nevertheless there are three sanctioned drug intervention to command the infection: interferon, 3TC, and adefovir dipivoxil. The last two are used to suppress the contrary RNA polymerase ( an enzyme which its function is to change over DNA to RNA ) every bit good as intervention for HIV ( 19 ) . There is HBsAg nowadays in blood circulation of John bespeaking the replicative signifier of HBV which presents a really high hazard of cirrhosis and HCC. John has yet no scabies or roseola or other symptoms to bespeak cirrhosis, nevertheless if the viral reproduction is non suppressed he will later develop cirrhosis. If the farther HBV DNA is present with positive as a verification of presence of retroflexing the viral atom, the end will be to clear HBV Deoxyribonucleic acid from the blood. The opportunities of accomplishing the end are 20 % -30 % once the virus is cleared, there are up to 25 % opportunities of HBsAg becomes undetectable. This takes topographic point when the concentration of the viral atoms of HBV DNA in blood falls lesser 103 copies/mL. Though HBV is cleared by interferon in 80 % to 90 % of persons, there are opportunities that the virus would return back by usage of 3TC or adefovir. Even in persons whose HBV DNA and HBsAg are cleared from the blood circulation, still HBV DNA can be detected in liver cells ( 20 ) . There are two kind of immunisation against Hepatitis B: passive or active. The vaccinum is developed to immune the persons who are at high hazard of infection such as persons who participate in sexual contacts or intercourse with septic persons and babes who are born from septic female parents. Since John has a pregnant married woman with his babe, she has to be capable the blood analysis and serological trial to detect whether they are at hazard. His babe has besides 2 % opportunities of the infection before birth after exposure to HBsAg which usually occurs in babies can be prevented by inactive immunisation with 0.06 mL/kg of HBIG ( Hepatitis B Immune globulin ) followed by Hepatitis B vaccinum before 24 hours of birth proves to be 95 % effectual to forestall the transmittal of the infection ( 21 ) ( 22 ) . Reference list Pavan MV, Mehta G, Thillainayagam AV. The clinical rating of abdominal hurting in grownups. Medicine 2009 Jan ; 37 ( 1 ) :11-6. NHS Shetland. Suggestion for bettering appetite Patients information brochure. 2003. 22-3-2010. Lalazar G, M3llhaupt B, Adar T, Goetze O, Mizrahi M, Zigmond E, et Al. S1837 The point of Care 13C Methacetin Breath Test Accurately Predicts Long Term Prognosis in Patients with Chronic Liver Disease: A Non Invasive Liver Function Test. Gastroenterology 2009 May:136 ( 5, Supplement ) : A. Lu C, Lin JM, Huie CW. Determination of entire hematoidin in human serum by chemiluminescence from the reaction of hematoidin and peroxynitrite. Talanta of 2004 May 28 ; 63 ( 2 ) :333-7. Lai M, Hyatt BJ, Nasser cubic decimeter, Curry M, Afdhal NH. The clinical significance of persistently normal ALT in chronic hepatits B infection. Journal of Hepatology 2007 Dec ; 47 ( 6 ) :760-7. Barondess JA, Erle H. Serum alkalic phosphatase activity in hepatitis of infective monocleosis. The American Journal of Medicine 1960 Jul ; 29 ( 1 ) :4354. Petta S, Muratore C, Crax? A Non-alcoholic fatso liver disease pathogenesis: The present and the hereafter. Digestive and Liver Disease 2009 Sep ; 41 ( 9 ) :615-25. Monsoon Bringes. Monsoon Brings With It A Splash of Diseases. Liver Disease 2009 Jul 21. hypertext transfer protocol: //doctoroncall.wordpress.com/2009/07/21/ ( last accessed 22/03/2010 ) L Taylor, P Gholam, A Delong, and others. XVII International AIDS conference ( AIDS 2008 ) . 2008 Aug 3 ; 2008. Te Hs, Jensen DM. Epidemiology of Hepatits B and C Viruses: A Global Overview. Clinics in Liver Disease 2010 Feb ; 14 ( 1 ) :1-21. OBrien J. Hepatitis B surface antigen: Decreased demand for verification of reactive consequences. Clin Chem 2000 ; 46:582. Coleman P, Chen Y, Mushahwar I. Immunoassay sensing of hepatitis B surface antigen mutations. J Med Virol 1999 ; 59:19-24. Weber B, Melchior W, Gehrke R, Doerr H, Berger A, Rabenau H. Hepatitis B virus markers in anti-HBc merely positive persons. J Med Virol 2001 ; 193:847-54. Lok A, McMahon B. Cheonic Hepatitis B. Hepatology 2001 ; 34:1225-41. Valla D, R dF, Hadengue A, Lau G, Lavanchy D, Lok A, et Al. EASL international consensus conference on hepatitis B. Consensus statement ( short version ) . J Hepatol 2003 ; 38:533-40. Buti M, Sanchez F, Cotrina M, jardi R, Rodriguez F, Esteban R, et Al. Quantative hepatitis B virus DNA proving for the early anticipation of the care of response during lamivudine therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B. J Infect Dis 2001 ; 13:721-7. Averhoff F, Shapiro C, Bell B, Hyams I, Burd L, Deladisma A, et Al. Control of hepatitis A through everyday inoculation of kids. JAMA 2001 ; 286:2968-73 Dufour DR, Talastas, M, Feranndez M, Harris B, Strader D, Seeff L. Low positive anti-hepatitis C virus enzyme immunoassay consequences: An of import forecaster of low likeliness of hepatitis C infection. Clin Chem 2003 ; 49:479-86. Hadziyannis S, tassopoulos N, heathcote E, Chang Jiang T, kitis G, Rizzetto M, et Al. Adefovir dipivoxil for the intervention of hepatitis B e antigen-negative chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med 2003:348:800-7. Mommeja-Marin H, Mondou E, Blum M, Rousseau F. Serum HBV DNA as marker HBV DNA as a marker of efficaciousness during therapy for chronic HBV infection: Analysis and reappraisal of the literature. Hepatology 2003 ; 2003: 1309-19. Delage G, Remy-Prince S, Montplaisir S. Combined active-passive immunisation against the hepatitis B virus: Five-year followup of kids born to hepatitis B Surface antigen-positive female parents. Pediatr infect Dis J 1993 ; 12:126-30. Chang M, Chen D. Prospects for hepatitis B virus obliteration and control of hepatocellular carcinoma. Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Gastroentrerol 1999 ; 13:511-7.

Traditional Femininity vs Modern Femininity in Indian Cinema Research Paper

Traditional Femininity vs Modern Femininity in Indian Cinema - Research Paper Example The appearance of this concept is possible to connect with a reinterpretation of an old Indian myth about Goddess Durga. Exploring Asian culture, traditions, customs, and moral values is a complicated and a demanding task. Art still remains one of the most reliable sources of such information throughout centuries. Indian culture seems exotic and inaccessible to the rest of the planet, and cinema is only capable to open slightly the curtain to the Indian world. Bollywood movies can also be considered a good source of images, moral values, and cultural perceptions of the Indian nation. However, they are sometimes blamed for being too corrupt and public-oriented (Dudrah 32). Vijai Mishra states that Indian movies produced in Mumbai can be used as retransformation of the most ancient Indian epics, Mahabharata and Ramayana (128). Both works have the issue of dharma revealing, the notion which embraces responsibilities, morality, universal harmony, justice. Dharma violation has a direct influence on femininity construction, which has resulted in Indian movies of Bollywood. Corruption and violation of dharma necessarily result in adharma, which requires restoration as it bears disharmony. Following the changes of the woman image in Hindi movies, it is possible to reveal that perception of a woman has changed from a â€Å"new woman† to a â€Å"goddess†. Strange enough the heroines still support patriarchal values and stick to traditional views as traditions are essential for the Indian world perception (Stromquist 127). Until the 1970s a woman was mostly pictured regarding her relation to a man in Indian cinema. Thus, a woman was primarily a wife, a mother, and a daughter. This woman had to accept traditional values, be submissive, obedient, and able to sacrifice herself for a man. The role of â€Å"mother† in Indian films was also one of the most prominent (Erndl 3). A mother is perceived as an endless source of love, patience, and protection.  

Elasticity of Demand and Price Sensitivity Essay

Elasticity of Demand and Price Sensitivity - Essay Example The table, formula or graph do not change when price changes. Demand for a product and the quantity demanded for the same product are two different terms. The former is a relationship and the latter is an amount. (Bromley, 2004). One way of maximisation of revenue is to increase the price of the product. But, in business, elasticity of demand has a major role to play. Increase in prices leads to a decrease in quantity demanded. This concept of sensitivity to price may be effectively put to use by cutting prices and inflating the quantity demanded. The cutting down of prices attracts even the uninterested public to become a part of the market and motivates them to become consumers of the product or service. Hence, the best way of revenue maximisation is price reduction. (Biz/Ed, 2005). Pricing strategies in any type of business is best decided when the owners have a good understanding of the market. They should have first hand information on the relationship between change in price and its consequent impact on the revenue. An analysis on the behaviour of markets will lead to a classification of different market structures. The number of participants in a particular market or industry and the extent to which they participate is the main criteria for classification of markets. (AmosWeb Encyclonimic Web*pedia, 2006). Perfect competition is achieved when there are large number of participants on both sides of the market (buyers and sellers) and no interference by any private or public firm. One of the basic market structures is monopoly which comes from the Greek word "monos" which means one and "polein" which means to sell. In this case, there is only a single seller. This is characterised by a lack of economic competition and lack of substitutes for the good or service provided by the monopolist. (AmosWeb Encyclonimic Webopedia, 2006). Monopolies may be artificially created by government involvement. Or there may be single entry to a resource. Economies of scale or one firm out-competing all other firms constantly are also some reasons for monopolies to exist. Monopolistic competition is the most common market form. Markets for books, clothing, films and service industries in large cities are often monopolies. Selling of bikes is considered as a monopolistic competition. This logic stands because of the presence of a large number of segments in motor bike industry despite the presence of a number of companies producing motor bikes. Each segment is viewed as a different product with each of the segment being lead by one or two major producers. Technology, efficiency and price are the three factors that decide the segment and its type. Hence if we look into the given scenario, we can see that VENOM developed Flexibikes at a much lower cost and were ultimately in a position to rule the new found segment. Bilateral monopoly exists when there is one seller and one buyer in the market. The labor market in such a case is well unionized. Another market structure is the oligopoly which is a market dominated by a small number of sellers called the oligopolist. The term oligopoly is taken from the Greek

The construction of sexuality through culture and history Essay Example for Free

The construction of sexuality through culture and history Essay Introduction The queer theory has led to questions on the sexuality in various cultures. Teresa de Lauretis is the person [www. cddc. vt. edu]who came up with the phrase â€Å"Queer Theory†. It was at a working conference on theorizing lesbian and gay sexualities that was held at the University of California, Santa Cruz in February 1990. Once the term queer was, at best, slang for homosexual, at worst, a term of homophobic abuse. Today queer has come to be used differently, sometimes as an umbrella term for a coalition of culturally marginal sexual self-identifications and at other times to describe a theoretical model which has developed out of more traditional lesbian and gay studies. Queer focuses on mismatches between sex, gender and desire. Institutionally, queer has been associated most prominently with lesbian and gay subjects, but its analytic framework also includes such topics as cross-dressing, hermaphroditism, gender ambiguity and gender-corrective surgery. In many respects, Queer theory is grounded in gender and sexuality. Due to this association, a debate emerges as to whether sexual orientation is natural or essential to the person, as an essentialist believes, or if sexuality is merely a construction and subject to change [www. cddc. vt. edu]. The essentialist theory was introduced to Queer Criticism as a by-product of feminism when the criticism was known by most as Lesbian/Gay Criticism. The feminists believed that both genders have an essential nature (e. g. nurturing and caring versus being aggressive and selfish), as opposed to differing by a variety of accidental or contingent features brought about by social forces. Due to this belief in the essential nature of a person, it is also natural to assume that a person’s sexual preference would be natural and essential to a person’s personality, who they are. The Constructivists counters that there is no natural, that all meaning is constructed through discourse and there is no other subject other than the creation of meaning for social theory. In a Constructivist perspective, it is not proper to take gay or lesbian as subjects with objective reality; but rather they must be understood in terms of their social context, in how genealogy creates these terms through history. Foucault explains in his The History of Sexuality, 200 years ago [www. ipce. info] there was no linguistic category for gay male. Instead, the term that applied to sex between two men was sodomy. Over time, the homosexual was created through the discourses of medicine and especially psychiatry. What is conventionally understood to be the same practice was gradually transformed from a sinful lifestyle into an issue of sexual orientation. Foucault argues that prior to this discursive creation there was no such thing as a person who could think of himself as essentially gay. Queer theory is mainly addressing the issues on gender and sexuality. Due to this question, a debate arises as to whether sexual orientation is natural or essential to the person, or if sexuality is merely a construction and subject to change. This theory has led to criticism known by most people as Lesbian/Gay Criticism. The feminists believed that both genders have an essential nature for example nurturing and caring versus being aggressive and selfish as opposed to differing by a variety of accidental or contingent features brought about by social forces. so natural to assume that a person’s sexual preference would be natural and essential to a person’s personality, who they are [www. ipce. info]. The Constructivists counter, that there is no natural, that all meaning is constructed through discourse and there is no other subject other than the creation of meaning for social theory. In a Constructivist perspective, it is not proper to take gay or lesbian as subjects with objective reality; but rather they must be understood in terms of their social context, in how genealogy creates these terms through history. Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures This refers to the behaviors, beliefs, knowledge, and references shared by members of sexual minorities or transgendered people by virtue of their membership in those minorities. Not all members of a particular sexual minority participate in, or are aware of, the subculture that may be associated with them. In addition to simply not knowing that the culture exists, non-participants may be geographically or socially isolated, they may feel stigmatized by the subculture, they may simply dislike it (feeling it is outdated, corrupted, or does not align with their personal taste or style), or they may prefer to affiliate with some other culture or subculture. The sexual minorities [Kaahumanu and Yaeger]defined by sexual orientation and gender identity include: lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgendered people (LGBT). they are often seen as having a common culture. The existence of (LGBT) has also been questioned by noting the exclusion of some of these groups by others; for example, biphobia among gays and lesbians, transphobia among non-trans LGB people, or lack of inclusiveness of lesbians in gay milieu. For example, in some cities, especially in North America, gay men and lesbians tend to live in certain neighborhoods. This culture is mainly associated with the people of North America or Europe. LGBT communities also organize a number of events to celebrate their culture, such as Pride parades, the Gay Games and Southern Decadence the largest LGBT street fair in North America [Kaahumanu and Yaeger].

Good User Interface :: essays research papers

A Good User Interface Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The majority of today ¡Ã‚ ¦s businesses use the internet to expand their customer base. However, there are several companies who will publish their site on the World Wide Web, before reviewing its user friendliness. And in doing so, they may be losing a customer, due to the poorly designed aspects of that web interface. So, what makes a website a good user interface? Which sites are examples of this, and which sites are not? In the following information, there will be descriptions, benefits, and examples of both types of interfaces.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The most important aspect of a user friendly site is the speed of loading the site. For some new surfers, a fast internet connection does not exist. Therefore, it is important to limit the graphics on a web site. Those sites that fill the home page with mostly graphics and images, may find their potential client dropping the page at 50%. An example of such a site is the following wedding photography site: http://www.mindysonshine.com/ Its home page contains mostly digital pictures which take a while to load, before the end user can view what the photographer has to offer. Obviously, a photographer ¡Ã‚ ¦s web site should contain images of their work. However, the requirement would have been better accomplished by limiting the digital images to a link off of the home page as opposed to the opening page. In doing so, a potential customer would be able to open the home page to learn what services are offered, package pricing, and the studio location, prior to becoming impatient, thus moving onto another photographers site.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A website with a well-designed layout is also important to users. It is their window to view what the company has to offer. If the website ¡Ã‚ ¦s layout and appearance is confusing and inefficient, most customers will simply go elsewhere. According to KarenHolman, Information Specialist for Outreach Communications and Technology,  ¡Ã‚ §A good web site puts the needs of its users first.  ¡Ã‚ § Her site lists the following recommendations for attaining this goal „ «Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Know your audience: Who is the end user for the site? „ «Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Satisfy the users' basic questions: Is the information complete and up to date? „ «Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Content remains king: The content answers questions, has no spelling and punctuation errors, is dated and signed, and contains a contact. „ «Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Page Design: Loads quickly, presents information in first one or two pages, and limits special effects. „ «Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Working links: Links are tested regularly to ensure they are working.

A study of anatomy and physiology of movement of upper limb

The procedure in lifting the hand to drink water is a complex one which involves a huge amount of technology inter-transfer between the brain and the eventual skeletal muscle.There is initiation of the movement at the brain which is transmitted via specialized white fibre tracts to the hip flexors via the intermediate spinal cord, involving a very complex mechanism at the cellular levelThe initiation of the   process is at the motor cortex (Ms I) of the brain. The primary motor area is located at the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe. The area controlling the motion of the lower limbs lies towards the superior surface of the brain. Within this area lies the cell body of the primary neuron. These neurons are known as upper motor neurons (UMN).These UMNs receive modulating impulse from the inputs from the cerebellum and the basal ganglia via the extrapyramidal pathways. These tracts modulate the gross movement initiated at the frontal cortex. In turn these areas are modulated by a fferent signals from ascending spino cerebellar, and spino-thalamic pathways.   The signal initiated at the nucleus of the cell body is transmitted electronically via the axon of the myelinated neuron via the mode of salutatory conduction.The myelin sheath which surrounds the axon of nerves that involve fast transport, breaks at intermediate regions known as Nodes of Ranvier. The electrical impulse moves in   a jumping manner at these nodes nerve transmission as a neural impulse, generated by the formation of a nerve action potential. Like all excitable tissue, nerves maintain a resting membrane potential that is the difference of voltage across the membrane of the neuron. In neurons this value is   – 70 mV.This voltage difference is maintained by the Na/K pump on the membranes. This impulse generated at the axon hillock is transmitted via the depolarizing phase which allows sodium ions ingress into cells via opening of the Na channels. This entry of Na in one portion a llows activation of other Na channels, causing depolarization of the adjacent region of the neuron. Subsequently repolarization occurs via the opening of K channels, which restores the membrane potential.Thus this process continues which allows the transmission of impulse. Many such nerves together descend as the descending cortico spinal tract in the pyramidal system, which travels through the midbrain into the spinal cord, decussating at the level of midbrain( 90% of the fibres decussating and forming the lateral spinothalamic tract) and again at the level of spinal cord ( the other 10%, forming the anterior spinothalamic tract) .It is the former which is responsible for the upper limb movements. The cortico-spinal tract travels in the anterior horn cell of the spinal cord till the brachial plexus where they synapse with the spinal ventral root neuron (lower motor neuron). A single post-synaptic neuron receives signals from many neurons. At the axon terminal, the propagation of im pulses leads to release of neurotransmitters, which are stored in specialized vesicles.The released Ach diffuses into the synaptic cleft and binds with receptors on the post synaptic membrane to produce excitatory post synaptic potentials. This leads to generation and propagation of impulse in nerves which are destined to innervate the neuro-muscular junction. At the neuro-muscular junction, Ach is released, which diffuses into the synovial cleft and binds to receptors in the motor end plate, and triggers a muscle action potential.The released Ach is destroyed by the acetylcholinestrase. At the level of the sarcolemma of the muscles, the muscle AP travels along T-tubules, opening Ca release channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Ca binds to troponin-tropomysin complex, which releases the myosin heads, these then bind to the actin thin filaments, and draws them closer to the M line. Meanwhile bringing the Z disc closer.This leads to muscle fibre contraction. This is a self propagati ng sequence eventually leading to the contraction muscles involved in the movement. Each nerve fibre innervates many musle fibres ( about 150). This is the motor unit.The greater the number of motor units recruited by the nerve action potential, the greater the force of contraction of the muscles. In the spinal cord, nerve impulse travels along the brachial plexus (C5 – T1) to innervate the Pectoralis major (Arm adduction and flexion – reaching out to hold the glass), Flexor digitorum superficialis and profundii of all fingers, the interossei and the lumbricals of all digits, opponens pollicis, flexor pollicis brevis , adducor pollicis and abductor pollicis brevis ( gripping of the glass by the fingers flexion at metacarpophalangeal.Proximal interphalangeal and the distal interphalangeal joint of the fingers; the carpometqcarpal joint, metacarpophalangeal and the interphalangeal joint of the thumb); then contraction of the biceps brachii ( elbow flexion) and the supina tor ( supination at the elbow joint); finally the contraction of the triceps muscle ( elbow extension, to put the glass back).This excitatory impulse is also associated with the production of inhibitory action potential ( hyperpolarizing impulse) in the antagonists (eg triceps during elbow flexion, and biceps during elbow extension)   

Analysis Of `` The Ways Of Oppression `` By F. Nelson Mandela

The greatest glory in living lies not in never falling, but in rising every time we fall† – Nelson Mandela. It takes high risks and a lot of vitality to overcome oppression. In Martin Luther King’s essay, â€Å"The Ways of Oppression,† there are three distinct ways on how to deal with oppression, which are acquiescence, violence, and non-violent resistance. All of these strategies of dealing with oppression are established in both the film and novel adaptation of the â€Å"Unbroken,† as Louie Zamperini spends many years as a POW in Japan enduring cruel oppression. Throughout the story, the three strategies alternate amongst Louie and his fellow POWs, however, towards the end it’s clear that non-violent resistance is the most successful form of overcoming oppression because it makes Louie the bigger man in learning how to forgive and understand more openly. The first way of dealing with oppression King mentions in his essay is acquiescence. He describes the acquiescence method as the oppressor becoming accustomed to the unjust treatment. In the novel, Unbroken, it became a daily routine for the men to carry tons of coal on their backs. â€Å"They pushed aboard one another, and the hauling went on, punishing their bodies and numbing their minds† (187). This shows how Louie and his fellow POWs grew accustomed to the painful labor their endured at the camp. They couldn’t do anything but continue working because their lives were at risk from the deadly conditions. Another characteristic of theShow MoreRelatedIf Inequality Is Increasing, Are We Likely to See More Armed Conflict?4618 Words   |  19 Pagesmy claim for complexity. In recent times, inequality has been even increasing, yet violent conflict has been comparably less numerous and widespread. How this instance corresponds with the inequality/conflict link will constit ute the last point of analysis. 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